Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary: a model for preserving Himalayan biodiversity and nature-based tourism

Established in 1996 in response to substantial anthropogenic pressure, Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary (Barsey) in Sikkim, India, serves as a model for biodiversity conservation. Spanning 104 km² in area and elevations ranging from 2,200 to 4,100 m asl, Barsey protects a high diversity of Rhododendron, oaks and bamboos, as well as critical habitats for endangered fauna. Following the exclusion of grazing and the implementation of active community engagement through Eco-Development Committees, the sanctuary has demonstrated forest regeneration, increased carbon stocks, restored springs and a rise in ecotourism during Rhododendron flowering seasons. Here, we review the historical transformation of Barsey from a highly disturbed forest landscape to a recovering protected area, highlighting ecological outcomes, biodiversity gains and the role of local communities in conservation. We outline future research and conservation priorities, and ways to regulate tourism pressure, support off-season livelihoods and habitat restoration, and promote sustainable Rhododendron cultivation. Furthermore, we highlight the need to strengthen long-term ecological research and climate monitoring through community-led conservation initiatives.