The Central Paratethys Sea – Part of the tropical eastern Atlantic rather than gate into the Indian Ocean

The Miocene Paratethys Sea is frequently depicted as junction between the Proto-Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Herein, we elucidate the biogeographic character of this large epicontinental Miocene sea based on its speciose gastropod fauna. We debunk the persistent myth that there was a connection between these marine realms during Langhian times via the Tethys Seaway. Throughout most of the Early and Middle Miocene the connectivity of the Central Paratethys was via the Rhône Strait and the Slovenian Strait as supported by up to ∼22 % of species shared with the Proto-Mediterranean Sea. The faunistic similarity decreased successively at higher latitudes towards the northeastern Atlantic and dropped to low values towards the North Sea. Therefore, a connection with the North Sea can be excluded throughout the Early and Middle Miocene. Faunistic relations of the Central Paratethys Sea with the Eastern Paratethys Sea were surprisingly low until the late Middle Miocene, when endemic species from the Eastern Paratethys ‘flooded’ the Central Paratethys. Therefore, the effectiveness in species transfer or presence of the Carasu and Barlad straits, hypothetically connecting both seas, must be questioned for most of the Middle Miocene. The present-day gastropod faunas of the tropical eastern Atlantic (TEA) and the Indo-West Pacific Region (IWP) can be distinguished clearly by their differing faunal structure (different relative abundance of certain families). The faunas of the Paratethyan and the Proto-Mediterranean Sea follow more closely the type nowadays represented in the tropical eastern Atlantic, suggesting a common origin. The faunistic connectivity with the Indian Ocean, via the Tethys Seaway ceased very early during the Early Miocene, predating the formation of the Gomphotherium land bridge by several million years. Consequently, we reject a re-activation of the Tethys Seaway during the Langhian as providing an effective oceanographic gateway. This is an important observation for climate models, linking the closure of the Tethys Seaway to Miocene climate change.

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