The known lichen diversity of Singapore, 296 species, is comparable with temperate lowland areas, but the taxa involved are different, even at high taxonomic levels: the commonest orders are Arthoniales and Graphidales instead of Lecanorales. Epiphytic species dominate, while saxicolous and terrestrial species are rare. Comparison with pre-2000 records and non-urbanized areas suggests a decrease in forest lichens, cyanophilous macrolichens, and the nitrophilous family Physciaceae.

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Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants

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Naturalis journals & series

Sipman, H. J. M. (2009). Tropical urban lichens: observations from Singapore. Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants, 54(1/3), 297–300.