Breeding systems in Indomalesian spinifex (Paniceae: Gramineae)

Coastal, psammophilous Spinifex littoreus, like other species of Spinifex, is dioecious in Indomalesia, but exceptions to dioecism are found in West Java, the Molucca Islands, and occasionally in the Philippines and northern Borneo. There dioecism has become degraded on the female side to trimonoecism, and sporadically to typical andromonoecism, through restoration of male fertility in some or all flowers. Interpretations of an androdioecious breeding system for Malesian S. littoreus are unsustainable.