
@article{Anderson2008,
  title = {{A} stem batrachian from the {Early} {Permian} of {Texas} and the origin of frogs and salamanders},
  volume = {453},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2008 {Nature} {Publishing} {Group}},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7194/abs/nature06865.html},
  doi = {10.1038/nature06865},
  abstract = {The origin of extant amphibians (Lissamphibia: frogs, salamanders and caecilians) is one of the most controversial questions in vertebrate evolution, owing to large morphological and temporal gaps in the fossil record. Current discussions focus on three competing hypotheses: a monophyletic origin within either Temnospondyli or Lepospondyli, or a polyphyletic origin with frogs and salamanders arising among temnospondyls and caecilians among the lepospondyls. Recent molecular analyses are also controversial, with estimations for the batrachian (frog{\textendash}salamander) divergence significantly older than the palaeontological evidence supports. Here we report the discovery of an amphibamid temnospondyl from the Early Permian of Texas that bridges the gap between other Palaeozoic amphibians and the earliest known salientians and caudatans from the Mesozoic. The presence of a mosaic of salientian and caudatan characters in this small fossil makes it a key taxon close to the batrachian (frog and salamander) divergence. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the batrachian divergence occurred in the Middle Permian, rather than the late Carboniferous as recently estimated using molecular clocks, but the divergence with caecilians corresponds to the deep split between temnospondyls and lepospondyls, which is congruent with the molecular estimates.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-03-30 12:09:36},
  number = {7194},
  urldate = {2015-02-28},
  journal = {Nature},
  author = {Anderson, {Jason} {S} and {Reisz}, {Robert} {R} and {Scott}, {Diane} and {Fr}{\"o}bisch, {Nadia} {B} and {Sumida}, {Stuart} {S}},
  month = may,
  year = {2008},
  pages = {515--518},
  file = {Anderson et al_2008_A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/STKIP75M/Anderson et al_2008_A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Baez1996,
  title = {The earliest known frogs of the {Jurassic} of {South} {America}: review and cladistic appraisal of their relationships},
  volume = {30},
  timestamp = {2015-04-11 21:26:56},
  journal = {The earliest known frogs of the {Jurassic} of {South} {America}},
  author = {{B}{\'a}ez, {Ana} {Mar}{\'\i}a and {Basso}, {N}. {G}.},
  year = {1996},
  pages = {131--158},
  file = {Báez_Basso_1996_The earliest known frogs of the Jurassic of South America.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/I6CZRBDC/Báez_Basso_1996_The earliest known frogs of the Jurassic of South America.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{Carroll1978,
  address = {Philadelphia},
  series = {Memoirs of the {American} {Philosophical} {Society}},
  title = {The {Order} {Microsauria}},
  volume = {126},
  isbn = {9780871691262},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-02-28 19:08:44},
  publisher = {American {Philosophical} {Society}},
  author = {Carroll, {Robert} {Lynn} and {Gaskill}, {Pamela}},
  month = jan,
  year = {1978}
}

@article{Dong2013,
  title = {Anurans from the {Lower} {Cretaceous} {Jehol} {Group} of {Western} {Liaoning}, {China}},
  volume = {8},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069723},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0069723},
  abstract = {BackgroundTo date, the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China has yielded five monotypic genera of anurans, including Liaobatrachus grabaui, Callobatrachus sanyanensis, Mesophryne beipiaoensis, Dalianbatrachus mengi, and Yizhoubatrachus macilentus. However, the validity and distinctness of these taxa have been questioned.Methodology/Principal FindingWe provide a comprehensive analysis of the Jehol frogs that includes a re-examination of the published taxa as well as an examination of a number of new specimens that have been collected over the past 10 years. The results show that the five previously named taxa can be referred to three species of one genus{\textendash}Liaobatrachus grabaui, L. beipiaoensis comb. nov. and L. macilentus comb. nov.. The diagnosis of Liaobatrachus is revised, and a new diagnosis is provided for each species of this genus. We also establish Liaobatrachus zhaoi sp. nov., on the basis of a dozen well-preserved specimens from a new locality. This taxon is distinguished by a unique combination of characteristics, including relatively long hind limbs, a rounded rather than triangular acetabulum, and a gradually-tapering cultriform process of the parasphenoid. In addition, an unnamed frog from a higher horizon, which has narrow sacral diapophyses and particularly long legs, is different from Liaobatrachus and represents another form of anuran in the Jehol Biota.Conclusion/SignificanceComparisons with other Mesozoic and extant anurans and the primary phylogenetic analysis both suggest that Liaobatrachus is a member of the anuran crown-group and forms a polytomy with leiopelmatids (Ascaphus and Leiopelma) and the remaining crown-group anurans (Lalagobatrachia).},
  timestamp = {2015-02-28 19:08:43},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2015-02-28},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Dong, {Liping} and {Ro}{\v c}ek, {Zbyn}{\v e}k and {Wang}, {Yuan} and {Jones}, {Marc} {E} {H}},
  month = jul,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {e69723},
  file = {Dong et al_2013_Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of Western Liaoning, China.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/RCCB6ART/Dong et al_2013_Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of Western Liaoning, China.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Jenkins1993,
  title = {An {Early} {Jurassic} caecilian with limbs},
  volume = {365},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 1993 {Nature} {Publishing} {Group}},
  url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v365/n6443/abs/365246a0.html},
  doi = {10.1038/365246a0},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-02-28 19:08:35},
  number = {6443},
  urldate = {2015-02-28},
  journal = {Nature},
  author = {Jenkins, {Parish} {A} and {Walsh}, {Denis} {M}},
  month = sep,
  year = {1993},
  pages = {246--250},
  file = {Jenkins_Walsh_1993_An Early Jurassic caecilian with limbs.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/DDADJ3ZW/Jenkins_Walsh_1993_An Early Jurassic caecilian with limbs.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Maglia2007,
  title = {Skeletal morphology and postmetamorphic ontogeny of \emph{Acris crepitans} ({Anura}: {Hylidae}): {A} case of miniaturization in frogs},
  volume = {268},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 2007 {Wiley}-{Liss}, {Inc}.},
  issn = {1097-4687},
  shorttitle = {Skeletal morphology and postmetamorphic ontogeny of {Acris} crepitans ({Anura}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.10508/abstract},
  doi = {10.1002/jmor.10508},
  abstract = {Acris crepitans is a small, semiaquatic member of the treefrog family Hylidae. Much recent attention has been paid to this species because of reports of population declines and malformations, yet few works have considered the skeletal anatomy of this common North American frog. Herein, we provide a detailed description of the morphology and adult ontogeny of the skeleton of A. crepitans, and discuss novel morphologies, interesting postmetamorphic developmental patterns, and intraspecific skeletal variation. The reduced amount of adult ossification, as well as several novel morphologies present in this species, are consistent with patterns of miniaturization seen in other anurans. For example, the skull is poorly ossified, but most of the cranial cartilages are heavily mineralized, the nasal bones are fused to endochondral ossification of the tectum nasi, the palatines are reduced, and the prootics and exoccipitals are not fused to one another (although the prootics are well-developed and ornamented). In addition, several specimens exhibit abnormalities, which might indicate that: (1) the population was under an acute malformation outbreak, (2) a high incidence of small skeletal malformations is normal in this species, (3) the population is under stress because of habitat fragmentation, (4) there is environmental deterioration in the region where the specimens were collected, and/or (5) the species is now showing signs of decline in southern Missouri. Regardless of the cause, it is clear that further examination of skeletal variability in A. crepitans, including ossification patterns and the frequency of abnormalities, is warranted. J. Morphol., 2007. {\textcopyright} 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-03-17 17:23:25},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-03-17},
  journal = {Journal of {Morphology}},
  author = {Maglia, {Anne} {M} and {Pugener}, {L}. {Anal}{\'\i}a and {Mueller}, {Jessica} {M}},
  month = mar,
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Acris,Anura,Hylidae,miniaturization,northern cricket frog,osteology,skeletal abnormalities,skeleton},
  pages = {194--223},
  file = {Maglia et al_2007_Skeletal morphology and postmetamorphic ontogeny of Acris crepitans (Anura.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/AG7GDZW4/Maglia et al_2007_Skeletal morphology and postmetamorphic ontogeny of Acris crepitans (Anura.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@phdthesis{Pugener2002,
  type = {{PhD}},
  title = {The vertebral column and spinal nerves of anurans},
  abstract = {The short vertebral column of anurans is associated with their saltatorial mode of locomotion. In basal frogs, the vertebral column consists of nine vertebrae anterior to the sacrum. However, there has been a trend toward reduction in the number of vertebral elements in other anurans. Thus, non-basal anurans have eight or fewer presacral vertebrae. The reduction to fewer than eight discrete elements has been accomplished through fusion. However, the transition from nine presacral vertebrae to eight presacral vertebrae probably occurred once in the evolutionary history of the anurans, and was not a consequence of fusion.
The main objectives of my research were to (1) assess the homology of the different elements of the vertebral column of anurans, and particularly the homology of the sacrum, and (2) identify the region of the vertebral column in which the reduction from nine to eight vertebrae has occurred. The most common criterion for homology is ``correspondence of position'' relative to other parts of the body. In the case of the vertebral elements, the logical comparison is with spinal nerves. In addition, each vertebral element was examined individually, and morphological similarity of particular vertebrae across taxa was assumed to be evidence of homology in the absence of contrary evidence. However, in order to achieve the objectives of this study, it was necessary to provide first the general baseline data on osteology of the vertebral column and spinal nerves.
The results of this study reveal that most anurans are constrained by a maximum, fixed number of vertebrae and spinal nerves. The axial formula for basal anurans is 1-8-1-1, whereas in most other anurans it is 1-7-1-1. The reduction from nine to eight presacral vertebrae was not the consequence of a forward shift of the sacral vertebra, or deletion through the incorporation of the eighth vertebra into the sacrum. Instead, it seems that Vertebra V of Ascaphus and Leiopelma is absent in other anurans. True reduction of the number of presacral vertebrae by deletion through the incorporation of the eighth vertebra into the sacrum occurs in Hymenochirus, some Syncope, and several bufonids, among others.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-03-27 12:12:25},
  school = {University of {Kansas}},
  author = {Pugener, {Lourdes} {Anal}{\'\i}a},
  month = jul,
  year = {2002},
  file = {Pugener_2002_The vertebral column and spinal nerves of anurans.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/78UHWVC4/Pugener_2002_The vertebral column and spinal nerves of anurans.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Shubin1995,
  title = {An {Early} {Jurassic} jumping frog},
  volume = {377},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 1995 {Nature} {Publishing} {Group}},
  url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v377/n6544/abs/377049a0.html},
  doi = {10.1038/377049a0},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-03-30 12:04:18},
  number = {6544},
  urldate = {2015-03-29},
  journal = {Nature},
  author = {Shubin, {Neil} {H} and {Jenkins}, {Farish} {A}},
  month = sep,
  year = {1995},
  pages = {49--52},
  file = {Shubin_Jenkins_1995_An Early Jurassic jumping frog.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/VZBN9HZK/Shubin_Jenkins_1995_An Early Jurassic jumping frog.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Litvinchuk2003,
  title = {Variation in number of trunk vertebrae and in count of costal grooves in salamanders of the family {Hynobiidae}},
  volume = {72},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spartak_Litvinchuk/publication/233378941_Variation_in_number_of_trunk_vertebrae_and_in_count_of_costal_grooves_in_salamanders_of_the_family_Hynobiidae/links/09e41509d22d046283000000.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-03-31 21:52:43},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-03-31},
  journal = {Contributions to {Zoology}},
  author = {Litvinchuk, {S}. {N}. and {Borkin}, {L}. {J}.},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {195--210},
  file = {Litvinchuk_Borkin_2003_Variation in number of trunk vertebrae and in count of costal grooves in.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/RNAVTKQW/Litvinchuk_Borkin_2003_Variation in number of trunk vertebrae and in count of costal grooves in.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Lanza2010,
  title = {Vertebral numbers in the {Caudata} of the western {Palaearctic} ({Amphibia})},
  volume = {54},
  issn = {0365-1576},
  timestamp = {2015-04-08 10:14:41},
  journal = {Atti del {Museo} {Civico} di {Storia} {Naturale}{\textemdash}{Trieste}},
  author = {Lanza, {Benedetto} and {Arntzen}, {Jan} {Willem} and {Gentile}, {Elisabetta}},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {3--114},
  file = {Lanza et al_2010_Vertebral numbers in the Caudata of the western Palaearctic (Amphibia).pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/SRZFC8VI/Lanza et al_2010_Vertebral numbers in the Caudata of the western Palaearctic (Amphibia).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Trueb1992a,
  title = {Skeletal development in \emph{Xenopus laevis} ({Anura}: {Pipidae})},
  volume = {214},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 1992 {Wiley}-{Liss}, {Inc}.},
  issn = {1097-4687},
  shorttitle = {Skeletal development in {Xenopus} laevis ({Anura}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.1052140102/abstract},
  doi = {10.1002/jmor.1052140102},
  abstract = {Postembryonic skeletal development of the pipid frog Xenopus laevis is described from cleared-and-stained whole-mount specimens and sectioned material representing Nieuwkoop and Faber developmental Stages 46{\textendash}65, plus postmetamorphic individuals up to 6 months old. An assessment of variation of skeletogenesis within a single population of larvae and comparison with earlier studies revealed that the timing, but not the sequence, of skeletal development in X. laevis is more variable than previously reported and poorly correlated with the development of external morphology. Examination of chondrocranial development indicates that the rostral cartilages of X. laevis are homologous with the suprarostral cartilages of non-pipoid anurans, and suggests that the peculiar chondrocranium of this taxon is derived from a more generalized pattern typical of non-pipoid frogs. Derived features of skeletal development not previously reported for X. laevis include (1) bipartite formation of the palatoquadrate; (2) precocious formation of the adult mandible; (3) origin of the angulosplenial from two centers of ossification; (4) complete erosion of the orbital cartilage during the later stages of metamorphosis; (5) development of the sphenethmoid as a membrane, rather than an endochondral bone; and (6) a pattern of timing of ossification that more closely coincides with that of the pelobatid frog Spea than that recorded for neobatrachian species. {\textcopyright} 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-21 17:16:22},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-04-11},
  journal = {Journal of {Morphology}},
  author = {Trueb, {Linda} and {Hanken}, {James}},
  month = oct,
  year = {1992},
  pages = {1--41},
  file = {Trueb_Hanken_1992_Skeletal development in Xenopus laevis (Anura.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/DT52AP94/Trueb_Hanken_1992_Skeletal development in Xenopus laevis (Anura.pdf:application/pdf;Trueb_Hanken_1992_Skeletal development in Xenopus laevis (Anura.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/44AV6KPK/Trueb_Hanken_1992_Skeletal development in Xenopus laevis (Anura.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Shishkin2009,
  title = {The {Early} {Triassic} temnospondyls of the {Czatkowice} 1 tetrapod assemblage},
  volume = {65},
  url = {http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP65/PP65_031-078.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-04-15 08:58:51},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-04-15},
  journal = {Palaeontologia {Polonica}},
  author = {Shishkin, {Mikhail} {A} and {Sulej}, {Tomasz}},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {77},
  file = {Shishkin_Sulej_2009_The Early Triassic temnospondyls of the Czatkowice 1 tetrapod assemblage.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/JIBMS4HT/Shishkin_Sulej_2009_The Early Triassic temnospondyls of the Czatkowice 1 tetrapod assemblage.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Glienke2013,
  title = {{A} taxonomic revision of {Batropetes} ({Amphibia}, {Microsauria}) from the {Rotliegend} (basal {Permian}) of {Germany}},
  volume = {269},
  doi = {10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0336},
  abstract = {The genus Batropetes is one of the most completely preserved representatives of the microsaur family Brachystelechidae. Previously, the only species to be described was Batropetes fritschi, based on 19 mostly poorly preserved specimens from the D{\"o}hlen Basin in eastern Germany, and one referred specimen from the Saar-Nahe Basin in western Germany. Reexamination of this material demonstrates that the referred specimen differs from the type material, and it is named Batropetes niederkirchensis n. sp. in this study. The two species differ in the shape of the prefrontal and postorbital, the width of the interorbital region, the number of presacral vertebrae , the degree of ossification of the scapulocoracoid, and the position of the obturator foramen. The functional interpretation of the skull and the locomotion apparatus suggests that the genus was terrestrial, living near the lakes, where they are preserved in the sediments.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-22 08:26:26},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Neues {Jahrbuch} f??r {Geologie} und {Pal}??ontologie - {Abhandlungen}},
  author = {Glienke, {Sabine}},
  month = jul,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {D{\"o}hlen Basin,Microsauria,morphology,Palaeoecology,Saar-Nahe Basin},
  pages = {73--96}
}

@article{Schoch2008,
  title = {The intrarelationships and evolutionary history of the temnospondyl family {Branchiosauridae}},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {1478-0941},
  url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S1477201908002460},
  doi = {10.1017/S1477201908002460},
  abstract = {SYNOPSISThe larval or paedomorphic branchiosaurid temnospondyls, inhabitants of many Permo{\textendash}Carboniferous freshwater lakes across Europe, have never been analysed cladistically. In the present work, we have analysed the relationships between all the well-defined species of the clade, with the following results: (1) despite homoplasies shared with amphibamids, the family Branchiosauridae forms a well-supported monophylum; (2) if Micropholis is considered to be an amphibamid, then Branchiosauridae have arisen within the Amphibamidae and could be considered to be a clade of paedomorphic amphibamids; (3) the closest relatives of branchiosaurids are the amphibamids Amphibamus and Platyrhinops; (4) the stratigraphically oldest genus Branchiosaurus, here represented by its only well-known species B. salamandroides, forms the most basal offshoot of the Branchiosauridae; (5) the remainder of the branchiosaurids fall into two clades referred to as the Melanerpeton-clade and Apateon-clade, respectively; (6) the Melanerpeton-clade is morphologically more diverse than the Apateon-clade; (7) within the Melanerpeton-clade, Schoenfelderpeton and Leptorophus are sister groups; (8) within Apateon, A. kontheri forms the basal-most taxon, followed by A. gracilis, A. pedestris, A. dracyiensis and the sister-taxa A. caducus and A. flagrifer.An evolutionary scenario suggests that branchiosaurids originated by invention of a key innovation: specialized pharyngeal denticles, housed in gill clefts, served as a filter-feeding device focussing on plankton. The group diversified in part, by patterns of delayed development of the upper jaw and cheek resulting in a kinetic maxilla, thereby permitting manipulation of the oral margin during suction feeding. It can be shown that within the Apateon-clade, the second component evolved along different lines into rather different adaptational directions, producing a range of morphotypes controlled by minor heterochronic changes.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-21 17:16:13},
  number = {04},
  urldate = {2015-04-30},
  journal = {Journal of {Systematic} {Palaeontology}},
  author = {Schoch, {Rainer} {R}. and {Milner}, {Andrew} {R}.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2008},
  pages = {409--431},
  file = {Schoch_Milner_2008_The intrarelationships and evolutionary history of the temnospondyl family.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/3KDVQMQK/Schoch_Milner_2008_The intrarelationships and evolutionary history of the temnospondyl family.pdf:application/pdf;Schoch_Milner_2008_The intrarelationships and evolutionary history of the temnospondyl family.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/WKK7JTUD/Schoch_Milner_2008_The intrarelationships and evolutionary history of the temnospondyl family.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Rocek1996,
  title = {The salamander \emph{Brachycormus noachicus} from the {Oligocene} of {Europe}, and the role of neoteny in the evolution of salamanders},
  volume = {39},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:09:57},
  number = {2},
  journal = {Palaeontology},
  author = {Rocek, {Zbynek}},
  year = {1996},
  pages = {477--496}
}

@article{McGowan2002,
  title = {Albanerpetontid amphibians from the {Lower} {Cretaceous} of {Spain} and {Italy}: a description and reconsideration of their systematics},
  volume = {135},
  issn = {1096-3642},
  shorttitle = {Albanerpetontid amphibians from the {Lower} {Cretaceous} of {Spain} and {Italy}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00013.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00013.x},
  abstract = {Albanerpetontids were small, terrestrial amphibians with robust limbs and tails. They are known from deposits from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) to the Miocene of Europe, North America and Central Asia. They can be diagnosed by a series of unique derived character states, which include an interdigitating mandibular symphysis, an atlas-axis joint analogous to that of mammals and regular polygonal sculpturing on dermal roofing bones of the skull. They remained remarkably conservative throughout their long history, but the shape of their frontals appears to diagnose genera as well as species. Previous descriptions of albanerpetontids were based on disarticulated remains. Described here in detail are two complete specimens from the Cretaceous (Berriasian) of Spain; one, particularly well-preserved specimen has traces of skin and possibly male courtship glands. A description of the albanerpetontid specimen from the Cretaceous (Albian) of Italy is also given. Previous authors have placed albanerpetontids as either true caudates or as a sister-group of caudates. This new material helps to clarify the systematic position of the group; character analyses show them to be clearly not true caudates but possibly a sister-group of salamanders plus frogs (\ensuremath{\pm}gymnophionans). Their relationships with Palaeozoic amphibians remains equivocal with an ancestor most likely to be found in either the microsaurs, or amphibamid or branchiosaurid temnospondyls. {\textcopyright} 2002 The Linnean Society of London. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 135, 1{\textendash}32.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:08:25},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Zoological {Journal} of the {Linnean} {Society}},
  author = {{McGowan}, {Gerard} {J}.},
  month = may,
  year = {2002},
  keywords = {Celtedens,fossils,Mesozoic,morphology,Phylogeny},
  pages = {1--32},
  file = {McGOWAN_2002_Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/QRXZVPGB/McGOWAN_2002_Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Skutschas2012a,
  title = {{A} new salamander from the late {Paleocene}-early {Eocene} of {Ukraine}},
  volume = {57},
  url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.4202/app.2010.0101},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:09:11},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Acta {Palaeontologica} {Polonica}},
  author = {Skutschas, {Pavel} {P}. and {Gubin}, {Yuri} {M}.},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {135--148},
  file = {Skutschas_Gubin_2012_A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/TSCDZQUN/Skutschas_Gubin_2012_A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Evans1996,
  title = {{A} {Metamorphosed} {Salamander} from the {Early} {Cretaceous} of {Las} {Hoyas}, {Spain}},
  volume = {351},
  issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
  url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/351/1340/627},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.1996.0061},
  abstract = {A salamander, Valdotriton gracilis gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of six articulated skeletons of small metamorphosed individuals from the early Barremian (Early Cretaceous) La Huerguina Formation at the locality of Las Hoyas, Cuenca Province, Castilla La Mancha, Spain. Valdotriton is a relatively plesiomorphic member of the Urodela (crown-group salamanders), but more derived than the Sirenidae and Cryptobranchoidea, in that it possesses a single ossification in place of the prearticular and angular, and it has intravertebral spinal foramina on the anterior caudal vertebrae. It represents a plesion on the stem of the `internally fertilizing salamander clade' comprising the Plethodontidae, Amphiumidae, Rhyacotritonidae, Proteidae, Dicamptodontidae, Ambystomatidae and Salamandridae.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:11:33},
  number = {1340},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Philosophical {Transactions} of the {Royal} {Society} of {London} {B}: {Biological} {Sciences}},
  author = {Evans, {Susan} {E}. and {Milner}, {Andrew} {R}.},
  month = may,
  year = {1996},
  pages = {627--646}
}

@article{Mosch1887,
  title = {Der {Japanische} {Riesensalamander} ({Cryptobranchus} japanicus) und der fossile {Salamander} von {Oeningen} ({Andrias} {Scheuchzeri})},
  volume = {89},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-386829},
  language = {german},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:24:06},
  journal = {Neujahrsblatt herausgegeben von der {Naturforschenden} {Gesellschaft} auf das {Jahr}},
  author = {{M}{\"o}sch, {G}},
  year = {1887},
  file = {Mösch_1887_Der Japanische Riesensalamander (Cryptobranchus japanicus) und der fossile.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/JFX2U5EH/Mösch_1887_Der Japanische Riesensalamander (Cryptobranchus japanicus) und der fossile.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Wang2005,
  title = {\emph{Jeholotriton paradoxus} ({Amphibia}: {Caudata}) from the {Lower} {Cretaceous} of southeastern {Inner} {Mongolia}, {China}},
  volume = {25},
  issn = {0272-4634},
  shorttitle = {Jeholotriton paradoxus ({Amphibia}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0523:JPACFT]2.0.CO;2},
  doi = {10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0523:JPACFT]2.0.CO;2},
  abstract = {A fossil salamander is described based on specimens from a Lower Cretaceous deposit near Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China. Recently reported as Jeholotriton paradoxus, this form represents a neotenic salamander as indicated by larval features such as external gills, tooth-bearing coronoids, pterygoids with anteromedially oriented anterior processes, and underdeveloped maxillae, in combination with adult features such as extensive medial contact of the nasals and posteriorly directed tooth rows in the palate. This taxon is distinguished from other Mesozoic salamanders by having 15{\textendash}16 presacrals, proximally expanded unicapitate ribs, vomers with large tooth patches anteriorly and longitudinal dentigerous bars posteriorly, large nasals with no anterior notch, frontals with no anterolateral extension, premaxillae with distinct alary processes, short transverse processes on the vertebrae, and phalangeal formulae of 2-2-3-2 for the manus and 2-2-3-3-2 for the pes. Including Laccotriton, Liaoxitriton, Sinerpeton and Chunerpeton, five taxa of Mesozoic salamander have now been found in China. Jeholotriton has especially well-preserved impressions of articulated skeletons, a type of preservation that is uncommon in Mesozoic strata throughout the world and provides important anatomical details of this early salamander. The great diversity of fossil salamanders from the late Mesozoic of northeastern China implies that East Asia was an important center for the early evolution of urodeles.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-21 17:15:57},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Journal of {Vertebrate} {Paleontology}},
  author = {Wang, {Yuan} and {Rose}, {Christopher} {S}.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2005},
  pages = {523--532},
  file = {Wang_Rose_2005_Jeholotriton paradoxus (Amphibia.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/MAHAHUHN/Wang_Rose_2005_Jeholotriton paradoxus (Amphibia.pdf:application/pdf;Wang_Rose_2005_Jeholotriton paradoxus (Amphibia.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/3KKJAG5M/Wang_Rose_2005_Jeholotriton paradoxus (Amphibia.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Boisvert2009,
  title = {Vertebral development of modern salamanders provides insights into a unique event of their evolutionary history},
  volume = {312B},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 2008 {Wiley}-{Liss}, {Inc}., {A} {Wiley} {Company}},
  issn = {1552-5015},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.b.21238/abstract},
  doi = {10.1002/jez.b.21238},
  abstract = {The origin of salamanders and their interrelationships to the two other modern amphibian orders (frogs and caecilians) are problematic owing to an 80{\textendash}100 million year gap in the fossil record between the Carboniferous to the Lower Jurassic. This is compounded by a scarcity of adult skeletal characters linking the early representatives of the modern orders to their stem-group in the Paleozoic. The use of ontogenetic characters can be of great use in the resolution of these questions. Growth series of all ten modern salamander families (a 120 cleared and stained larvae) were examined for pattern and timing of vertebral elements chondrification and ossification. The primitive pattern is that of the neural arches developing before the centra, while the reverse represents the derived condition. Both the primitive and derived conditions are observed within the family Hynobiidae, whereas only the derived condition is observed in all other salamanders. This provides support to the claims that Hynobiidae is both the most basal of modern families and potentially polyphyletic (with Ranodon and Hybobius forming the most basal clade and Salamandrella being a part of the most derived clade). This provides insight into a unique event in salamander evolutionary history and suggests that the developmental pattern switch occurred between the Triassic and the mid-Jurassic before the last major radiation. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:1{\textendash}29, 2009. {\textcopyright} 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:29:10},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Journal of {Experimental} {Zoology} {Part} {B}: {Molecular} and {Developmental} {Evolution}},
  author = {Boisvert, {Catherine} {Anne}},
  month = jan,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {1--29},
  file = {Boisvert_2009_Vertebral development of modern salamanders provides insights into a unique.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/6D4V7JDB/Boisvert_2009_Vertebral development of modern salamanders provides insights into a unique.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Configliachi1821,
  title = {Observations on the natural history and structure of the {Proteus} anguinus},
  volume = {4},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:32:12},
  journal = {Edinburgh {Philosophical} {Journal}},
  author = {Configliachi, {P} and {Rusconi}, {M}},
  year = {1821},
  pages = {398--406}
}

@article{Rieppel1998,
  title = {{A} well-preserved fossil amphiumid ({Lissamphibia}: {Caudata}) from the {Eocene} {Green} {River} {Formation} of {Wyoming}},
  volume = {18},
  issn = {0272-4634},
  shorttitle = {{A} well-preserved fossil amphiumid ({Lissamphibia}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011099},
  doi = {10.1080/02724634.1998.10011099},
  abstract = {A well-preserved primitive amphiumid skeleton from the Eocene Green River Formation in Wyoming is described as {\textdagger}Paleoamphiuma tetradactylum, gen. et sp. nov. This species differs from extant and known fossil amphiumids by the retention of a number of plesiomorphic features: separate ossification of the first hypobranchial and first ceratobranchial; no more than 35 presacral vertebrae; rib-bearers that are directed posterolaterally, taper to a blunt tip, and lack a posteroventral flange; and the presence of four digits in the manus (and probably in pes). Characterized so far only by the absence of derived characters, this new fossil amphiumid is currently a metaspecies.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:34:22},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Journal of {Vertebrate} {Paleontology}},
  author = {Rieppel, {Olivier} and {Grande}, {Lance}},
  month = dec,
  year = {1998},
  pages = {700--708},
  file = {Rieppel_Grande_1998_A well-preserved fossil amphiumid (Lissamphibia.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/7SU3NDKD/Rieppel_Grande_1998_A well-preserved fossil amphiumid (Lissamphibia.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Baur1897,
  title = {Remarks on the {Question} of {Intercalation} of {Vertebrae}},
  volume = {1},
  issn = {0898-1051},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1535412},
  doi = {10.2307/1535412},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:36:40},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Zoological {Bulletin}},
  author = {Baur, {G}.},
  month = aug,
  year = {1897},
  pages = {41--55},
  file = {Baur_1897_Remarks on the Question of Intercalation of Vertebrae.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/XRKEN9FQ/Baur_1897_Remarks on the Question of Intercalation of Vertebrae.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Litvinchuk2005,
  title = {Taxonomic status of \emph{Triturus vittatus} ({Amphibia}: {Salamandridae}) in western {Turkey}: trunk vertebrae count, genome size and allozyme data},
  volume = {26},
  issn = {1568-5381},
  shorttitle = {Taxonomic status of \emph{Triturus vittatus} ({Amphibia}},
  url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/156853805774408685},
  doi = {10.1163/156853805774408685},
  abstract = {The banded newt, \emph{Triturus vittatus} is suggested to consist of two species (\emph{T. ophryticus} and \emph{T. vittatus}). The northern taxon, \emph{T. ophryticus}, is subdivided into two geographic fragments: the "western group" of populations from western Anatolian Turkey, and the "eastern group" distributed in the remaining part of the Pontic Turkey and western Caucasus. The western samples are characterized by a peculiar combination of various features. In this group the modal number of trunk vertebrae is equal to 12, like in \emph{T. v. vittatus} and \emph{T. v. cilicensis}, whereas the eastern group of \emph{T. ophryticus} has 13 vertebrae. The amount of DNA per diploid nucleus, determined by flow cytometry, is higher in the western group (66.8-68.8 pg \emph{vs.} 62.5-63.7 pg in the eastern group). Significant differences between both groups of \emph{T. ophryticus} were revealed in allozymes (\emph{D}\textsubscript{Nei\&apos;72} = 0.383 in average) as well. We allocate the western group of \emph{T. ophryticus} to a separate subspecies, \emph{Triturus ophryticus nesterovi}, subsp. nov. A paleogeographic scenario for \emph{T. vittatus} and other newts is proposed. The taxonomic structure of the paraphyletic genus \emph{Triturus} is discussed. We proposed to split the genus in four monophyletic genera \emph{Triturus sensu stricto}, \emph{Lophinus}, \emph{Mesotriton} and \emph{Ommatotriton}.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:37:32},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Amphibia-{Reptilia}},
  author = {Litvinchuk, {S}. {N}. and {Zuiderwijk}, {A}. and {Borkin}, {L}. {J}. and {Rosanov}, {J}. {M}.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2005},
  keywords = {ALLOZYMES,Amphibia,FLOW CYTOMETRY,GENOME SIZE,NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT,SALAMANDRIDAE,THE CAUCASUS,TRITURUS,TRITURUS VITTATUS,TRUNK VERTEBRAE,TURKEY},
  pages = {305--323}
}

@article{Wake1980,
  title = {Morphometrics of the skeleton of {Dermophis} mexicanus ({Amphibia}: {Gymnophiona}). {Part} {I}. {The} vertebrae, with comparisons to other species},
  volume = {165},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 1980 {Wiley}-{Liss}, {Inc}.},
  issn = {1097-4687},
  shorttitle = {Morphometrics of the skeleton of {Dermophis} mexicanus ({Amphibia}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.1051650202/abstract},
  doi = {10.1002/jmor.1051650202},
  abstract = {Morphometric analysis of vertebral structure in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) is presented. Ontogenetic variation in Dermophis mexicanus is analyzed through the 100+ vertebrae composing the column. Vertebral structure in adult D. mexicanus is compared with that in Ichthyophis glutinosus and Typhlonectes compressicauda. Centra of the atlas, second, tenth, 20th, and 50th vertebrae grow at allometrically different rates in D. mexicanus, though the 20th and 50th are not significantly different, Growth appears significantly slower in several dimensions of anterior and posterior vertebrae relative to midtrunk vertebrae in all three species. Mensural patterns throughout the entire column are similar in the terrestrial burrowers D. mexicanus and I. glutinosus; patterns in the aquatic T. compressicauda differ substantially from those of the burrowing species and are strongly influenced by allometry. Of the 112 D. mexicanus examined, 13.4\% had vertebral anomalies, usually fusions.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:38:36},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Journal of {Morphology}},
  author = {Wake, {Marvalee} {H}.},
  month = aug,
  year = {1980},
  pages = {117--130}
}

@article{Evans2005,
  title = {{A} {Late} {Jurassic} salamander ({Amphibia}: {Caudata}) from the {Morrison} {Formation} of {North} {America}},
  volume = {143},
  issn = {1096-3642},
  shorttitle = {{A} {Late} {Jurassic} salamander ({Amphibia}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00159.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00159.x},
  abstract = {Despite some remarkable recent discoveries, the Mesozoic fossil record of salamanders remains limited, particularly for the Jurassic. Here we describe the first articulated salamander skeleton from the Jurassic of Euramerica, recovered from Upper Jurassic deposits of the Morrison Formation, Dinosaur National Monument, USA. The specimen was studied using both conventional methods and high-resolution computed tomography. It shows a combination of primitive and derived character states that distinguish it from all known Mesozoic salamanders and which permit the erection of a new genus and species, Iridotriton hechti. The derived states (including the presence of spinal nerve foramina in the tail) suggest a position on the stem of the Salamandroidea. Together with microvertebrate material from Britain, Portugal, and North America, this specimen confirms the presence of both stem- and crown-group salamanders in Euramerica from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) onwards, paralleling their evolution in Central and eastern Asia. This, in turn, provides qualified support for the current vicariance model of salamander evolution whereby basal caudates on an undivided Laurasian plate became separated into two populations by the incursion of the Turgai Sea in the Middle Jurassic, yielding Cryptobranchoidea in Asia and Salamandroidea in Euramerica. {\textcopyright} 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 143, 599-616.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:48:08},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Zoological {Journal} of the {Linnean} {Society}},
  author = {Evans, {S}. {E}. and {Lally}, {C}. and {Chure}, {D}. {C}. and {Elder}, {A}. and {Maisano}, {J}. {A}.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2005},
  keywords = {biogeography,computed tomography,evolution,Lissamphibia,Phylogeny,skeleton,Urodela},
  pages = {599--616},
  file = {Evans et al_2005_A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/XHMQEA7F/Evans et al_2005_A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Douthitt1917a,
  title = {... {The} structure and relationships of {Diplocaulus} ...},
  volume = {2},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 11:50:41},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Contributions from {Walker} {Museum}},
  author = {Douthitt, {Herman}},
  year = {1917}
}

@article{Glienke2015,
  title = {Two new species of the genus \emph{Batropetes} ({Tetrapoda}, {Lepospondyli}) from the {Central} {European} {Rotliegend} (basal {Permian}) in {Germany}},
  volume = {35},
  issn = {0272-4634},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2014.918041},
  doi = {10.1080/02724634.2014.918041},
  abstract = {Two new species of Batropetes are described from the Lower Rotliegend of the Saar-Nahe Basin in western Germany. Batropetes palatinus, sp. nov., is characterized by a narrow, anteriorly elongated prefrontal, a slender postfrontal without an anterolateral process, a trapezoid postorbital, and a large quadrate in exterior view. Batropetes appelensis, sp. nov., is characterized by a high angular, `Z'-shaped angular-dentary suture, no indentation between stem and plate of interclavicle, and scapulocoracoid without ossified coracoid. The genus Batropetes is characterized by an average length of almost 8 cm, a short trunk with 17 or 19 presacrals depending on the species, large orbit with a raised rim, a large pineal foramen, three pits on the frontal, tricuspid teeth, a toothless palate, four short robust limbs, and completely ossified pectoral and pelvic girdles (except for the coracoids of B. appelensis and B. fritschi). Batropetes belongs to the Brachystelechidae, together with Carrolla and Quasicaecilia. Cladistic analysis reveals for the monophyletic genus Batropetes that B. appelensis forms a sister group to the remaining three species in the genus, and B. niederkirchensis is the sister group to B. palatinus and B. fritschi. The functional interpretation of the appendicular skeleton and the skull morphology suggest that all Batropetes species were terrestrial, living near the lakes in which they were preserved. They appear to have fed on small arthropods in the leaf litter or in the upper zone of the soil.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6ACCFE1A-1404-4DEB-93D9-2F7962D205BESUPPLEMENTAL DATA{\textemdash}Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:02:06},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Journal of {Vertebrate} {Paleontology}},
  author = {Glienke, {Sabine}},
  month = mar,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {e918041},
  file = {Glienke_2015_Two new species of the genus Batropetes (Tetrapoda, Lepospondyli) from the.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/869PZ7TP/Glienke_2015_Two new species of the genus Batropetes (Tetrapoda, Lepospondyli) from the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Wellstead1991,
  title = {Taxonomic revision of the {Lysorophia}, {Permo}-{Carboniferous} lepospondyl amphibians. {Bulletin} of the {AMNH} ; no. 209},
  url = {http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/904},
  abstract = {"The Lysorophia is an order of small, but extremely elongate and tiny-limbed aquatic lepospondyl amphibians known from the Middle Pennsylvanian through the Lower Permian periods, primarily in North America. The order comprises one family, Cocytinidae, with three recognized species: Brachydectes newberryi (= Cocytinus gyrinoides), B. elongatus (= Lysorophus tricarinatus, partim), and Pleuroptyx clavatus. Other named species are considered Lysorophia, incertae sedis. Members of the Lysorophia are distinguished by their fenestrate skulls, anteriorly sloping suspensoria, short mandibles (each bearing a lateral mandibular fenestra), and extensive, well-ossified hyobranchial skeletons. Presacral vertebrae are holospondylous and number between 69 (B. newberryi) and 97 (B. Elongatus). Neural arch halves are sutured at their midlines and to their centra. While closely similar to one another, lysorophoid species are highly derived relative to other Paleozoic amphibians. They are most closely related to microsaurs, judged principally through the morphology of the craniovertebral articulation"--P. 3.},
  language = {en\_US},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:01:00},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  author = {Wellstead, {Carl} {F}.},
  year = {1991},
  file = {Wellstead_1991_Taxonomic revision of the Lysorophia, Permo-Carboniferous lepospondyl amphibians.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/NE6GCXDG/Wellstead_1991_Taxonomic revision of the Lysorophia, Permo-Carboniferous lepospondyl amphibians.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Baez2007,
  title = {{A} review of \emph{Neusibatrachus wilferti}, an {Early} {Cretaceous} frog from the {Montsec} {Range}, northeastern {Spain}},
  volume = {52},
  url = {https://www.planetaziemia.pan.pl/archive/published/app52/app52-477.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:02:18},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Acta {Palaeontologica} {Polonica}},
  author = {{B}{\'a}ez, {Ana} {M}. and {Sanchiz}, {Borja}},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {477}
}

@article{Baez2009,
  title = {Anurans from the {Lower} {Cretaceous} {Crato} {Formation} of northeastern {Brazil}: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians},
  volume = {30},
  issn = {0195-6671},
  shorttitle = {Anurans from the {Lower} {Cretaceous} {Crato} {Formation} of northeastern {Brazil}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667109000056},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cretres.2009.01.002},
  abstract = {The upper Aptian-lower Albian lacustrine limestones of the Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil have yielded one of Gondwana's most important Cretaceous fossil assemblages. This assemblage includes a few articulated anuran remains that have been previously referred to a single neobatrachian taxon, Arariphrynus placidoi {[}Leal, M.E.C., Brito, P.M., 2006. Anura do Cret{\'a}ceo Inferior da Bacia do Araripe, Nordeste do Brasil. In: Gallo, V., Brito, P.M., Silva, H.M.A., Figueiredo, F.J. (Eds.), Paleontolog{\'\i}a de Vertebrados. Grandes Temas e Contribu{\c c}oes Cient{\'\i}ficas. Interciencia, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 145{\textendash}152{]}. Herein we redescribe these specimens, which document two additional genera and species, Eurycephalella alcinae and Cratia gracilis, as well as a possible pipoid. Although the monophyly of neobatrachians can be considered a well-corroborated hypothesis, neobatrachian interrelationships are still far from being satisfactorily resolved. In order to address the high-level relationships of the taxa to which these specimens belong, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of a matrix of 42 taxa, including extant representatives of most of the higher groups of neobatrachians as well as non-neobatrachians, and 75 mostly osteological characters in TNT 1.1 under implied weights with different values of the concavity constant (k). As in other analyses based on morphological data, within Neobatrachia we recovered a monophyletic Ranoides but hyloid taxa appear as stem-ranoids. Our analysis consistently place A. placidoi and E. alcinae in nested positions among hyloid taxa, although the topology of the tree varies slightly, whereas C. gracilis appears to be a stem neobatrachian or have a basal position within crown Neobatrachia. Recent studies based on molecular data have estimated divergence times for several anuran clades and proposed the main radiation of hyloid neobatrachians, excluding the australobatrachians, as a Late Cretaceous-Paleogene event. The taxonomically diverse anurans from the Crato Formation show that some hyloid lineages might have diverged already by the mid Cretaceous and that the early history of neobatrachians is as yet not documented in the fossil record.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:02:59},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Cretaceous {Research}},
  author = {{B}{\'a}ez, {Ana} {M}. and {Moura}, {Geraldo} {J}. {B}. and {G}{\'o}mez, {Ra}{\'u}l {O}.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {Amphibia,Araripe Basin,Archaeobatrachians,Hyloides,Nobleobatrachia,South America},
  pages = {829--846},
  file = {Báez et al_2009_Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/D6E3HDDW/Báez et al_2009_Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Maglia1998a,
  title = {Skeletal {Development} and {Adult} {Osteology} of {Bombina} orientalis ({Anura}: {Bombinatoridae})},
  volume = {54},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 1998 {Herpetologists}' {League}},
  issn = {0018-0831},
  shorttitle = {Skeletal {Development} and {Adult} {Osteology} of {Bombina} orientalis ({Anura}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3893153},
  abstract = {Although the morphology of frogs in the archaeobatrachian genus Bombina has been the subject of several studies, the results of these are difficult to compare. Therefore, the skeletal developmental and adult osteology of these frogs remain poorly understood. We describe the skeletogenesis, chondrocranial development, and the adult skeleton of Bombina orientalis on the basis of cleared-and-stained and dry skeletal specimens. In B. orientalis, the first elements to ossify are the long bones of the hind limb (Stage 36). This is followed by the ossification of the frontoparietals, exoccipitals, parasphenoid, neural arches, ilium, dermal elements of the pectoral girdle, and long bones of the forearm (Stage 37). Metamorphic climax begins at about Stage 41 with major modifications of the chondrocranium. By Stage 46, most of the cranial and postcranial elements are ossified, with the exception of the carpals. Comparisons of the timing of initiation of skeletal ossification among several taxa suggest that this species exhibits variation in ossification sequence that may relate to precocious development of the hind limb or early onset of cranial and axial ossification.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:12:12},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Herpetologica},
  author = {Maglia, {Anne} {M}. and {P}{\'u}gener, {L}. {Anal}{\'\i}a},
  month = sep,
  year = {1998},
  pages = {344--363},
  file = {Maglia_Púgener_1998_Skeletal Development and Adult Osteology of Bombina orientalis (Anura.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/A2V4GCBC/Maglia_Púgener_1998_Skeletal Development and Adult Osteology of Bombina orientalis (Anura.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Wild1997,
  title = {Description of the adult skeleton and developmental osteology of the hyperossified horned frog, {Ceratophrys} cornuta ({Anura}: {Leptodactylidae})},
  volume = {232},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 1997 {Wiley}-{Liss}, {Inc}.},
  issn = {1097-4687},
  shorttitle = {Description of the adult skeleton and developmental osteology of the hyperossified horned frog, {Ceratophrys} cornuta ({Anura}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199705)232:2<169::AID-JMOR4>3.0.CO;2-5/abstract},
  doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199705)232:2<169::AID-JMOR4>3.0.CO;2-5},
  abstract = {The adult skeleton and tadpole chondrocranium of the leptodcatylid frog, Ceratophrys cornuta (Ceratophryinae), are described in detail, including the ontogenetic development of the chondrocanium and the ossification sequence of the skeleton. The chondrocranium of the carnivorous larvae is unique in lacking a frontoparietal fontanelle and possessing a complete dorsal roof of cartilage. Furthermore, the chondrocranium is extremely robust, particularly those elements involved in the feeding mechanism; these include large palatoquadrate cartilages, stout Meckel's, supra- and infrarostral cartilages, and short, wide, cornua trabeculae. The chondrocranium of C. cornuta resembles that described for Ceratophrys cranwelli, but differs from the chondrocrania reported for the species of Lepidobatrachus. The large adult skull is hyperossified; most elements are fused into a single unit, and nearly all dermal elements are ornamented, casqued, and co-ossified. Calcification is present in nearly every cartilaginous element of the skeleton in larger (older) adults. Several osteological characters previously used in ceratophryine systematics, such as the otic ramus of the squamosal and the columella, are reassessed. Contrary to previous reports, the ossified, dorsal dermal shield above the vertebral column in many ceratophryine anurans is absent in C. cornuta. With few exceptions, the ossification sequence relative to metamorphosis is consistent with those that are known for other anurans. The squamosal arises from three distinct centers of ossification, including an otic element. The frontoparietal arises from two centers of ossification that fuse early in development. A robust postorbital arch is formed primarily by the otic flange of the frontoparietal, which articulates laterally with the medial border of the otic ramus of the squamosal. Changes in the timing of development, or heterochrony, are involved with the evolution of the unusual skull and skeleton of ceratophryine frogs. J Morphol 232:169{\textendash}206, 1997. {\textcopyright} 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:16:06},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Journal of {Morphology}},
  author = {Wild, {Erik} {Russell}},
  month = may,
  year = {1997},
  pages = {169--206},
  file = {Wild_1997_Description of the adult skeleton and developmental osteology of the.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/KTRIGB7Q/Wild_1997_Description of the adult skeleton and developmental osteology of the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Pugener1997,
  title = {Osteology and skeletal development of {Discoglossus} sardus ({Anura}: {Discoglossidae})},
  volume = {233},
  copyright = {Copyright {\textcopyright} 1997 {Wiley}-{Liss}, {Inc}.},
  issn = {1097-4687},
  shorttitle = {Osteology and skeletal development of {Discoglossus} sardus ({Anura}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199709)233:3<267::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-0/abstract},
  doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199709)233:3<267::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-0},
  abstract = {Although frogs in the archaeobatrachian family Discoglossidae are reasonably well known, descriptions of their larval skeletons and osteogenesis are almost nonexistent. Skeletogenesis, chondrocranial development, and the adult skeleton of Discoglossus sardus are described on the basis of cleared and stained, dry, and radiographed specimens. In D. sardus, the first elements to ossify are the parasphenoid, frontoparietals, exoccipitals, neural arches, ischium, long bones, and dermal elements of the pectoral girdle (Gosner Stage 36). Major reconstruction of the chondrocranium begins at the onset of metamorphosis (Stage 41), contemporaneous with the ossification of the premaxillae, maxillae, vomers, and septomaxillae. Several cranial (e.g., pterygoid, mentomeckelian, sphenethmoid) and postcranial (e.g., carpals, hyoid) elements do not commence ossification until after metamorphosis (Stage 46). Discoglossids are characterized by the presence of a facial foramen in the lateral wall of the chondrocranium, a rod-like epipubis developing from two primordia, and the lack of a neopalatine bone. Adult male Discoglossus possess an enlarged, crested metacarpal II and a broad prepollical element. This detailed description serves as a model to compare the development of other discoglossid frogs and provides detailed descriptions of several enigmatic structures. J. Morphol. 233:267{\textendash}286, 1997. {\textcopyright} 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:16:29},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Journal of {Morphology}},
  author = {{P}{\'u}gener, {L}. {Anal}{\'\i}a and {Maglia}, {Anne} {M}.},
  month = sep,
  year = {1997},
  pages = {267--286},
  file = {Púgener_Maglia_1997_Osteology and skeletal development of Discoglossus sardus (Anura.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/AT2FDDQ7/Púgener_Maglia_1997_Osteology and skeletal development of Discoglossus sardus (Anura.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Adolphi1893,
  title = {{\"U}ber {Variationen} der {Spinalnerven} und der {Wirbels}{\"a}ule anurer {Amphibien}. {I}.({Bufo} variabilis {Pall})},
  volume = {19},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:19:26},
  journal = {Gegenbaurs {Morphologisches} {Jahrbuch}},
  author = {Adolphi, {H}.},
  year = {1893},
  pages = {313--375}
}

@article{Rockova2005,
  title = {Development of the pelvis and posterior part of the vertebral column in the {Anura}},
  volume = {206},
  issn = {1469-7580},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8782.2005.00366.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.0021-8782.2005.00366.x},
  abstract = {The anuran pelvic girdle is unique among all amphibians in that its acetabular portion is located far posterior to the sacrum, lateral to the postsacral (= caudal) vertebral column, which is reduced to a single rod-like element called the urostyle. This situation in the adult is strikingly different not only from that in ancestral temnospondyls but also in other modern amphibians. Because there is no fossil that would document this evolutionary anatomical modification except for Triadobatrachus, the only data may be inferred from development in modern anurans. We chose seven anuran species (belonging to the genera Discoglossus, Bombina, Pelobates, Bufo, Rana and Xenopus), representing the principal locomotory types (saltation, swimming, crawling and burrowing). Development of the pelvic girdle was studied on cleared and stained whole mounts and partly on serial histological sections. The basic developmental pattern was similar in all species: the pelvis on both sides develops from two centres (puboischiadic and iliac, respectively). The ilium then extends vertically towards the sacral vertebra and later rotates posteriorly so that ultimately the acetabulum is lateral to the tail (= urostyle). Only minor deviations from this pattern were found, mainly associated with differences in water and terrestrial dwelling.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:20:17},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Journal of {Anatomy}},
  author = {Ro{\v c}kov{\'a}, {Hana} and {Ro}{\v c}ek, {Zbyn}{\v e}k},
  month = jan,
  year = {2005},
  keywords = {Anura,development,evolution,pelvic girdle,Postcranial skeleton},
  pages = {17--35},
  file = {Ročková_Roček_2005_Development of the pelvis and posterior part of the vertebral column in the.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/WTCNWAEZ/Ročková_Roček_2005_Development of the pelvis and posterior part of the vertebral column in the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Schoch2005,
  title = {The amphibamid {Micropholis} from the {Lystrosaurus} {Assemblage} {Zone} of {South} africa},
  volume = {25},
  issn = {0272-4634},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0502:TAMFTL]2.0.CO;2},
  doi = {10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0502:TAMFTL]2.0.CO;2},
  abstract = {The small temnospondyl Micropholis stowi from the Lower Triassic Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone (Karoo Basin, South Africa) is redescribed on the basis of a larger sample of specimens, revealing a range of previously unknown anatomical features. Micropholis is recognized as a member of the Amphibamidae, representing both the last occurrence and the only Gondwanan member of this clade. (1) The largest specimens have an elongated narrow snout, larger otic notches, prominent quadrate processes, and wide cheeks giving the skull a marked lateral curvature. (2) Palpebral ossifications include a fabric of numerous polygonal ossicles contouring the size and position of the eyeballs. (3) The palate houses large fangs with inwardly curving crowns, an elaborate basicranial region resembling closely that of Amphibamus and Doleserpeton, and an extremely reduced rod-like palatine and ectopterygoid approaching the derived condition seen in other amphibamids. (4) In the postcranial skeleton, the greatly extended transverse processes, the morphology of the interclavicle and scapulocoracoid, and the structure of the pelvis and tail are characteristic features of Micropholis some of which are quite similar to the condition in Eoscopus and Platyrhinops. It is evident that two morphs of Micropholis, which differ in skull width and palatal dentition, are present in the Karoo Basin. Phylogenetic analysis suggests Micropholis to be nested within the amphibamid dissorophoids as the basal-most taxon. Within the Amphibamidae, Doleserpeton and Amphibamus are sister groups, nested with successive sister taxa Platyrhinops and Eoscopus. In particular, the miniaturized genera Doleserpeton and Amphibamus share a range of derived character-states with Micropholis, but the latter lacks the pedicellate dentition and has a more plesiomorphic posterior skull table and parasphenoid, suggesting that some of the shared derived states may have been acquired independently during the long isolated evolution of the Micropholis lineage in the Southern Hemisphere. In the present analysis, Micromelerpeton is the most basal offshoot of the dissorophoids, followed by a grade towards amphibamids formed by the following successive sister groups (from the base crownwards): (1) the trematopids, (2) Ecolsonia, and (3) the Dissorophidae, the latter being the sister taxon of all analyzed amphibamids.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:40:14},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Journal of {Vertebrate} {Paleontology}},
  author = {Schoch, {Rainer} {R}. and {Rubidge}, {Bruce} {S}.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2005},
  pages = {502--522},
  file = {Schoch_Rubidge_2005_The amphibamid Micropholis from the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone of South africa.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/ZBV3JRXA/Schoch_Rubidge_2005_The amphibamid Micropholis from the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone of South africa.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Clack2009,
  title = {Morphology and systematics of the {Pennsylvanian} amphibian {Platyrhinops} lyelli ({Amphibia}: {Temnospondyli})},
  volume = {100},
  issn = {1755-6929},
  shorttitle = {Morphology and systematics of the {Pennsylvanian} amphibian {Platyrhinops} lyelli ({Amphibia}},
  url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S1755691010009023},
  doi = {10.1017/S1755691010009023},
  abstract = {ABSTRACTThe morphology of the amphibamid temnospondyl amphibian Platyrhinops lyelli from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio is reassessed from previously described and undescribed specimens. Newly reported or newly significant features include the presence of bicuspid marginal teeth, anteriorly widened frontals, elongate choanae, a broad rhomboidal sphenethmoid and a pair of flattened blade-like ceratohyals. One specimen shows an unusual distribution of tooth sizes along the premaxillaries. No derived characters can be found to justify reference of the species lyelli to the genus Amphibamus as represented by its type species A. grandiceps, but Platyrhinops does belong to the `Amphibamus branch' of the Amphibamidae.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:48:55},
  number = {03},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Earth and {Environmental} {Science} {Transactions} of the {Royal} {Society} of {Edinburgh}},
  author = {Clack, {J}. {A}. and {Milner}, {A}. {R}.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {275--295},
  file = {Clack_Milner_2009_Morphology and systematics of the Pennsylvanian amphibian Platyrhinops lyelli.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/CDZ95IWP/Clack_Milner_2009_Morphology and systematics of the Pennsylvanian amphibian Platyrhinops lyelli.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Moulton1974,
  title = {{A} description of the vertebral column of {Eryops}, based on the notes and drawings of {A}.{S}. {Romer}},
  volume = {428},
  issn = {0006-9698},
  url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/32633},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 12:51:59},
  journal = {Breviora},
  author = {Moulton, {J}. {M}.},
  year = {1974},
  pages = {1--44},
  file = {Moulton_1974_A description of the vertebral column of Eryops, based on the notes and.pdf:/Users/ascarrun/zotLib/storage/9KJZ4KZ6/Moulton_1974_A description of the vertebral column of Eryops, based on the notes and.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Milner1993,
  title = {The temnospondyl amphibians from the {Vis}{\'e}an of {East} {Kirkton}, {West} {Lothian}, {Scotland}},
  volume = {84},
  issn = {1755-6929},
  url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0263593300006155},
  doi = {10.1017/S0263593300006155},
  abstract = {ABSTRACTA new temnospondyl amphibian Balanerpeton woodi gen. et sp. nov. is represented by over 30 complete or partial skeletons from the Vis{\'e}an limestones, shales and tuffs in East Kirkton Quarry, Bathgate, near Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the commonest tetrapod represented in the East Kirkton assemblage and grew to about half a metre in length. Although superficially like the later Dendrerpeton, it is more advanced in possessing small premaxillaries each bearing a pronounced alary process, large external nares, large rounded interpterygoid vacuities, broadly bordered by the vomers anteriorly, a narrow vomer-pterygoid suture and a rod-like stapes. It is characterised by an unusual dental configuration in which each dentary bears a smaller number of larger teeth than the corresponding upper jaw ramus. A second probable temnospondyl is represented by two straight ribs of a much larger form.The relationships of basal temnospondyls and other amphibian groups are discussed and it is proposed that the sister-group of the temnospondyls is the Microsauria and that neither colosteids nor Caerorhachis can be considered to be temnospondyls, as both fall outside the temnospondyl-microsaur clade. A preliminary study of character distribution across a selection of primitive temnospondyls, including Balanerpeton, suggests that it is more advanced than the long-snouted Edopoidea and the Dendrerpetontidae despite its Vis{\'e}an age. This implies that by the Vis{\'e}an, significant diversification of temnospondyls had taken place.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-20 13:49:55},
  number = {3-4},
  urldate = {2015-05-20},
  journal = {Earth and {Environmental} {Science} {Transactions} of the {Royal} {Society} of {Edinburgh}},
  author = {Milner, {A}. {R}. and {Sequeira}, {S}. {E}. {K}.},
  month = jan,
  year = {1993},
  pages = {331--361}
}


