One new name and new cOmbinatiOns Of malesian Zingiberaceae

Recently, a checklist of the Zingiberaceae for Flora Malesiana was compiled by Newman, Lhuillier & Poulsen (in press). Even if this work is not a thorough revision of the family, it provides a useful overview of 1644 names essential for future treatments, as the latest monograph by schumann (1904) is already a hundred years old. The work involved a compilation of all names, synonymy if known, place of publication and herbarium of type deposition. We were not able to visit all relevant herbaria but in the process some types, descriptions and illustrations were seen that obviously needed some action. one of these was in fact already noted by smith (1986) but not formally proposed. However, more new combinations are likely to be needed in the future when more molecular evidence has clarified generic delimitation in genera such as in Amomum, Alpinia and Etlingera which are likely not to be monophyletic (Kress et al., 2002).


INTRoDUcTIoN
Recently, a checklist of the Zingiberaceae for Flora Malesiana was compiled by Newman, Lhuillier & Poulsen (in press).Even if this work is not a thorough revision of the family, it provides a useful overview of 1644 names essential for future treatments, as the latest monograph by schumann (1904) is already a hundred years old.The work involved a compilation of all names, synonymy if known, place of publication and herbarium of type deposition.We were not able to visit all relevant herbaria but in the process some types, descriptions and illustrations were seen that obviously needed some action.one of these was in fact already noted by smith (1986) but not formally proposed.However, more new combinations are likely to be needed in the future when more molecular evidence has clarified generic delimitation in genera such as in Amomum, Alpinia and Etlingera which are likely not to be monophyletic (Kress et al., 2002).

METHoDs
The genus Etlingera is presently morphologically distinguished by the tube formed by the filament and staminode-derived labellum above the point of insertion of the corolla lobes, and is the inclusive name of the genera Achasma Griff., Geanthus Reinw.and Nicolaia Horan.(Burtt & Smith, 1986).This character is often difficult to verify on herbarium specimens but can occasionally be confirmed by soaking a flower in soapy water or spirit.During work on the Malesian Zingiberaceae checklist, I found the taxa below to be misplaced in other genera.

NEW NAME
The illustration (Plate 8) of the original description of Geanthus echinatus by Valeton (1921) indicates that Amomum is the genus for this taxon: 1) stilt roots can also be found in other genera but are common in Amomum; 2) There does not seem to be a tube above the point of insertion of the corolla lobes, but this character can be unclear in illustrations if the artist does not pay special attention to it; 3) I have so far not seen tooth-like staminodes in Etlingera whereas they are common in Amomum.smith (1985: 303; 1986: 254) noted that this taxon was an Amomum with affinity to A. pungens R.M. sm. and A. hansenii R.M. sm. but did not take any action presumably because she had not seen any of the sumatran material.Unfortunately, the name A. echinatum Willd.has already been used for a separate taxon in sri Lanka (that is distinct for example in the anther crest arrangement) and thus a new name is needed.

NEW coMBINATIoNs
The following new combinations are not simply done routinely but made with the impression that they are distinct species not likely to be synonymized in the future when a more thorough revision is carried out.However, as a complete revision of Malesian gingers is still far from complete, future studies may show otherwise especially if including molecular data.For the time being at least the new combinations assure that these taxa appear in the right genus.
Basionym: Hornstedtia dalican Elmer (1915)  Inspection of the dried flowers at FI reveals that they belong to Etlingera.The most informative collection of the two syntypes is selected here as the lectotype.Two additional collections by Beccari (944 and s.n.) from the same locality are deposited at FI. schumann (1899: 319) thought they all belonged to the same taxon, though Beccari s.n. was somewhat smaller, and I agree with him.Valeton (1913) was surprised at the tooth-like staminode cited in schumann's (1904) description of this taxon but such a staminode was not mentioned in the original description (schumann, 1899) and was not observed on the type material.etlingera pandanicarpa (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen, comb. nov.Basionym: Amomum pandanicarpum Elmer (1915) 2899.-Hornstedtia pandanicarpa (Elmer) Elmer (1919) 2979.-Type: Elmer 10508 (iso Bo, FI, G, GH, L, P, U), Philippines, Mindanao, Todaya, Mt Apo, 1909.
only fruits have been seen as Elmer lost the flowers during collecting.These fruits are typical for Etlingera but bigger than species so far known from the Philippines.selection of a holotype awaits a revision of the Philippine species.
etlingera polycarpa (K.schum.)A.D. Poulsen, comb.nov.Even if the type has not yet been inspected, the fruit illustrated looks like Etlingera.Also, the described hairy leaf margin confirms this.
Basionym: Hornstedtia purpurea Elmer (1919)  Flowers from the type were soaked, and despite their poor state, it seems convincing that they belong to Etlingera.
In the Malesian checklist by Newman et al. (in press), there are still species which may not be referred to the correct genus.In the future, it may be possible to establish the correct genera for Malesian taxa of Zingiberaceae that still appear in Geanthus and Phaeomeria (G.brachypodanthus (K.schum.)Loes., G. pausodipsus (K.schum.)Loes., G. pubimarginatus (Elmer) Loes., G. stenophyllus (K.schum.)Loes., G. trachycarpus (K.schum.)Valeton, G. trichanthera (Warb.)Valeton, P. anthokophinos Gilli and P. novo-guineensis K. schum.).Even when type material of these taxa could be studied, it was either too poor to establish the correct genus or, if they clearly belonged to Etlingera (such as P. anthokophinos), at this stage a new combination might very well have resulted in additional synonymy in the future.